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What is the SECURITY COUNCIL? The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries.

*SECURITY COUNCIL*

The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the UN can only make "recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.

The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date)—Belgium (term ends 2020), Côte d'Ivoire (2019), Dominican Republic (2020), Equatorial Guinea (2019), Germany (2020), Indonesia (2020), Kuwait (2019), Peru (2019), Poland (2019), and South

 

Africa (2020). The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.

What is THE United Nations SECRETARIAT?

*THE UN SECRETARIAT*

The UN Secretariat is headed by the secretary- general, assisted by the deputy secretary-general and a staff of

international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.

The secretary-general acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief Administrative officer". Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage. 

The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.

The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years.

The current Secretary-General is António Guterres, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.

HISTORY OF Non-governmental organizations NGOs

*HISTORY OF non-governmental organizations NGOs*

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least the late eighteenth century. It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—see Consultative Status. 

The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. It has been observed that the number of INGO founded or dissolved matches the general "state of the world", rising in periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus.

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were centered mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises.

In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.

What are NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)

What are NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)

Non-governmental organizations (also known as NGOs, nongovernmental organizations, or nongovernment organizations are organizations independent of any government. They are usually non-profit, and many NGOs are active in humanitarian or social areas; however, NGOs can also be lobby groups for corporations, such as the World Economic Forum. NGOs are a subgroup of all organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and other associations that provide services, benefits, and premises only to members. Sometimes the term is used as a synonym of "civil society organization" to refer to any association founded by citizens, but this is not how the term is normally used in the media or everyday language, as recorded by major dictionaries. The explanation of the term by NGO.org (the non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations) is ambivalent: "[an NGO is] any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level, but then goes on to restrict the meaning in the sense used by most English speakers and the media: Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information."

 

NGOs are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. Since the end of World War II, NGOs have had an increasing role in international development, particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation.

Russia had about 277,000 NGOs in 2008. India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centers in India.

The term "NGO" is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO (non-profit organization), and vice versa. Political parties and trade unions are considered NGOs only in some countries. There are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on "orientation" and "level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international.

The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations (UN) was created. The UN, itself an intergovernmental organization, made it possible for certain approved specialized international non- state agencies — i.e., non-governmental organizations — to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent from government control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-for-profit, non-prevention,[clarification needed] but not simply an opposition political party.

One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as climate change, malaria prevention, or a global ban on landmines. Public

 

surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful – but not always sufficient – proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders.

What are the LEGAL STATUS OF Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs

 

*LEGAL STATUS OF Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs

The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country's laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide:

-Unincorporated and voluntary association

-Trusts, charities, and foundations

-Companies not just for profit

-Entities formed or registered under special NGO or non-profit laws

The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs.

What is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development.

*ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL*

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three- year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. 

The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. Owing to its broad mandate of co-coordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant.

ECOSOC's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples; the United Nations Forum on Forests, which co-ordinates and promotes sustainable forest management; the United Nations Statistical Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies; and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations; by 2004, more than 2,200 organizations had received this status.

What is the INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT? The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN

*INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT*

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.

It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues. The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions. It is the only organ that is not located in New York.

What is the GENERAL ASSEMBLY of the United Nations. It is the main deliberative assembly of the UN.

*GENERAL ASSEMBLY*

The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all UN member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called. 

The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice- presidents. 

The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.

When the General Assembly decides on important questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two- thirds majority of those present and voting is required. 

All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. 

The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.

FORMER AND PRESENT United Nations SECRETARY GENERALS

*FORMER AND PRESENT United Nations SECRETARY GENERALS*

1.Trygve Lie from Norway, 2 February 1946 to 10 November 1952, Resigned

2.Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden, from 10 April 1953 to 18 September 1961, died in office

3.U Thant from Burma, 30 November 1961 to 31 December 1971

4.Kurt Waldheim, Austria, 1 January 1972 to 31 December 1981

5.Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Peru, 1 January 1982 to 31 December 1991

6.Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt, 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1996

7.Kofi Annan, Ghana, 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006

8.Ban Ki-moon, South Korea, 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016

9.António Guterres, Portugal, 1 January 2017 -

Mrs Olubola Adeleye celebrates the International Day for Street Children (IDSC)

Mrs Olubola Adeleye celebrates the International Day for Street Children (IDSC)

Did You Know That, International Day for Street Children (IDSC) has been celebrated all over the world since 2012?

*Why is it celebrated?* 

It is to recognise the humanity, dignity and defiance of street children in the face of unbelievable challenges, difficulties they face on the streets.

*Who are Street Children?*

In Nigeria, they are the children whose lives are linked with public spaces like streets, buildings, under the bridges, malls, restaurants, etc. 

Some of these children ran away from their homes due to abuse or death of their parent, and they live on the streets, sleeping in motorparks, doorways or under the bridges. 

In some cases, some of the street children have homes to go back to, but they rely on the streets for survival and livelihood.

They are also called ‘street-connected children’, ‘homeless children’, ‘homeless youth’, ‘beggars’, ‘juvenile delinquents’ and ‘thieves’.

 However, these are negative ways of addressing these vulnerable children.  The parents are responsible for caring, feeding, clothing, providing shelter, protection, respect to these children but they did not. So the children who are supposed to be protected end up on the streets.

Which shelter home 🏠 have the government built for these street children to run to?

Where are the people counselling them so that they don't turn out in the bad side of the law?

How are we feeding, clothing, educating them for 🆓?

Every child has Rights. *Street Children Have Rights* in The Child Rights Convention. 

Where are the workers who have the unique skills and experiences of working with street children?

Where is the free SKILLS ACQUISITION programs organised for Ondo State Street Children?

If you teach them a trade and empower them, you will reduce unemployment, crime, insecurity in the state.

We have work to do!

Let's get started in rehabilitating the ONDO STATE street children.

God bless you🙏🏼✍🏼🏆

*Mrs Olubola Adeleye.*

Executive Director of Olubola Adeleye Foundation 07065221108